Chitsulo mbale

Ndi chitsulo chathyathyathya chomwe chimaponyedwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula ndikukanikizidwa pambuyo pozizira.
Ndi yathyathyathya, yamakona anayi ndipo imatha kukulungidwa mwachindunji kapena kudulidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zazikuluzikulu zachitsulo.
Chitsulo chachitsulo chimagawidwa molingana ndi makulidwe, mbale yachitsulo yopyapyala ndi yocheperapo 4 mm (yochepa kwambiri ndi 0.2 mm), mbale yachitsulo yapakati ndi 4-60 mm, ndi mbale yowonjezera yowonjezera ndi 60-115. mm.
Mapepala achitsulo amagawidwa kukhala otentha-otentha ndi ozizira-ozizira molingana ndi kugudubuza.
M'lifupi mbale woonda ndi 500 ~ 1500 mm; m'lifupi pepala wandiweyani ndi 600 ~ 3000 mm. Mapepala amagawidwa ndi mtundu wazitsulo, kuphatikizapo zitsulo wamba, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zitsulo za aloyi, zitsulo zamasika, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zitsulo zachitsulo, zitsulo zosagwira kutentha, zitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo, zitsulo za silicon ndi pepala lachitsulo la mafakitale, etc.; Enamel mbale, mbale zipolopolo, etc. Malinga ndi ❖ kuyanika pamwamba, pali malata pepala, malata-yokutidwa pepala, lead-yokutidwa pepala, pulasitiki gulu zitsulo mbale, etc.
Low aloyi structural zitsulo
(yomwe imadziwikanso kuti chitsulo chochepa cha alloy, HSLA)
1. Cholinga
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga milatho, zombo, magalimoto, ma boilers, zombo zothamanga kwambiri, mapaipi amafuta ndi gasi, zida zazikulu zachitsulo, ndi zina zambiri.
2. Zofunikira zogwirira ntchito
(1) Mphamvu yayikulu: nthawi zambiri mphamvu zake zokolola zimakhala pamwamba pa 300MPa.
(2) Kulimba kwambiri: kutalika kumafunika kukhala 15% mpaka 20%, ndipo kulimba kwamphamvu pa kutentha kwachipinda kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa 600kJ/m mpaka 800kJ/m. Pazigawo zazikulu zowotcherera, kulimba kwapang'onopang'ono kumafunikanso.
(3) Good kuwotcherera ntchito ndi ozizira kupanga ntchito.
(4) Kutentha kochepa kozizira kozizira.
(5) Kukana bwino kwa dzimbiri.
3. Zosakaniza makhalidwe
(1) Mpweya wochepa: Chifukwa cha zofunika kwambiri za kulimba, weldability ndi mawonekedwe ozizira, zomwe zimakhala ndi mpweya sizidutsa 0.20%.
(2) Onjezani zinthu zopangira manganese.
(3) Kuonjezera zinthu zothandizira monga niobium, titaniyamu kapena vanadium: niobium pang'ono, titaniyamu kapena vanadium imapanga ma carbides abwino kapena carbonitrides muzitsulo, zomwe zimapindulitsa kupeza mbewu zabwino za ferrite ndikuwongolera mphamvu ndi kulimba kwachitsulo.
Kuonjezera apo, kuwonjezera pang'ono mkuwa (≤0.4%) ndi phosphorous (pafupifupi 0.1%) kungapangitse kukana kwa dzimbiri. Kuonjezera pang'ono zinthu zapadziko lapansi zosowa kumatha kuwononga sulfure ndi degas, kuyeretsa chitsulo, ndikuwongolera kulimba ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito.
4. Ambiri ntchito otsika aloyi structural zitsulo
16Mn ndi mtundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso wopindulitsa kwambiri wachitsulo chochepa cha alloy champhamvu kwambiri m'dziko langa. Kapangidwe kamene kakugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ferrite-pearlite yabwino, ndipo mphamvu yake ndi pafupifupi 20% mpaka 30% kuposa ya carbon structural steel Q235, ndipo kukana kwake kwa mlengalenga ndi 20% mpaka 38% pamwamba.
15MnVN ndizitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzitsulo zapakati-mphamvu. Lili ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndi kulimba kwabwino, kuwotcherera ndi kutentha kochepa, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zinthu zazikulu monga milatho, boilers, ndi zombo.
Mulingo wamphamvu ukapitilira 500MPa, zida za ferrite ndi pearlite zimakhala zovuta kukwaniritsa zofunikira, kotero chitsulo chochepa cha carbon bainitic chimapangidwa. Kuphatikizika kwa Cr, Mo, Mn, B ndi zinthu zina ndizopindulitsa kupeza mawonekedwe a bainite pansi pazikhalidwe zoziziritsa mpweya, kuti mphamvu ikhale yokwera, pulasitiki ndi kuwotcherera zimagwiranso ntchito bwino, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pama boilers othamanga kwambiri. , zombo zothamanga kwambiri, etc.
5. Makhalidwe a chithandizo cha kutentha
Chitsulo chamtunduwu nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamoto wotentha komanso woziziritsidwa ndi mpweya ndipo sichifuna chithandizo chapadera cha kutentha. Ma microstructure omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri amakhala ferrite + sorbite.
Aloyi carburized zitsulo
1. Cholinga
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magiya opatsirana pamagalimoto ndi mathirakitala, ma camshafts, ma pistoni ndi zida zina zamakina pama injini oyatsira mkati. Ziwalo zotere zimakhala ndi mikangano yamphamvu komanso kuvala panthawi yogwira ntchito, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimanyamula katundu wosiyanasiyana, makamaka zonyamula katundu.
2. Zofunikira zogwirira ntchito
(1) Pamwamba pa carburized wosanjikiza amakhala ndi kuuma kwakukulu kuti atsimikizire kukana kwamphamvu kwambiri komanso kukana kutopa, komanso pulasitiki yoyenera komanso kulimba.
(2) Pakatikati pamakhala kulimba kwambiri komanso mphamvu zokwanira. Pamene kulimba kwa pachimake sikukwanira, kumakhala kosavuta kuthyola pansi pa mphamvu ya katundu kapena kulemetsa; mphamvu ikakhala yosakwanira, wosanjikiza wa brittle carburized umasweka mosavuta ndikusenda.
(3) Kutentha kwabwino kwa ntchito ya kutentha Pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa carburizing (900 ℃～950 ℃), njere za austenite sizophweka kukula ndikukhala ndi zovuta zabwino.
3. Zosakaniza makhalidwe
(1) Mpweya wochepa: zomwe zimakhala ndi kaboni nthawi zambiri zimakhala 0.10% mpaka 0.25%, kotero kuti pakatikati pa gawolo pali pulasitiki yokwanira komanso yolimba.
(2) Onjezani ma alloying zinthu kuti mukhale olimba: Cr, Ni, Mn, B, ndi zina zambiri zimawonjezeredwa.
(3) Onjezani zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa mbewu za austenite: makamaka onjezerani pang'ono zamphamvu zopangira carbide Ti, V, W, Mo, etc.
4. Chitsulo kalasi ndi kalasi
20Cr low hardability alloy carburized steel. Chitsulo chamtunduwu chimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa komanso mphamvu zochepa.
20CrMnTi medium hardability alloy carburized steel. Chitsulo chamtunduwu chimakhala ndi kuuma kwambiri, kutenthedwa pang'ono, kusanjikiza kofananira kwa carburizing, komanso zinthu zabwino zamakina ndiukadaulo.
18Cr2Ni4WA ndi 20Cr2Ni4A mkulu hardenability aloyi carburized zitsulo. Chitsulo chamtunduwu chimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri monga Cr ndi Ni, zimakhala zolimba kwambiri, ndipo zimakhala zolimba komanso zotsika kwambiri.
5. Kutentha mankhwala ndi microstructure katundu
Njira yochizira kutentha kwa chitsulo cha alloy carburized chitsulo nthawi zambiri imakhala yozimitsa mwachindunji pambuyo pa carburizing, kenako ndikutentha kutentha pang'ono. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha, mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa carburized wosanjikiza ndi aloyi cementite + tempered martensite + ochepa osungidwa austenite, ndipo kuuma kwake ndi 60HRC ~ 62HRC. Mapangidwe apakati amagwirizana ndi kuuma kwachitsulo ndi kukula kwa magawo a magawo. Ikaumitsidwa kwathunthu, imakhala yotsika kwambiri ya carbon tempered martensite yokhala ndi kuuma kwa 40HRC mpaka 48HRC; nthawi zambiri, ndi troostite, tempered martensite ndi pang'ono chitsulo. Thupi la chinthu, kuuma ndi 25HRC ~ 40HRC. Kulimba kwa mtima nthawi zambiri kumakhala kopitilira 700KJ/m2.
Aloyi kuzimitsidwa ndi kutentha chitsulo
1. Cholinga
Aloyi kuzimitsidwa ndi kupsya zitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbali zosiyanasiyana zofunika pa magalimoto, mathirakitala, zida makina ndi makina ena, monga magiya, shafts, ndodo kulumikiza, mabawuti, etc.
2. Zofunikira zogwirira ntchito
Mbali zambiri zozimitsidwa ndi zowuma zimakhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kupsinjika maganizo kumakhala kovuta, ndipo zofunikira zamakina zimafunika, ndiye kuti, mphamvu zambiri ndi pulasitiki yabwino komanso kulimba. Aloyi kuzimitsidwa ndi kutentha zitsulo zimafunikanso hardability wabwino. Komabe, kupsinjika kwa magawo osiyanasiyana kumakhala kosiyana, ndipo zofunikira pakuwumitsa ndizosiyana.
3. Zosakaniza makhalidwe
(1) Mpweya wapakatikati: mpweya wa carbon nthawi zambiri umakhala pakati pa 0.25% ndi 0.50%, ndi 0,4% mwa ambiri;
(2) Kuonjezera zinthu Cr, Mn, Ni, Si, ndi zina zotero kuti zikhale zolimba: Kuwonjezera pa kuwongolera kuuma, zinthu za alloyzi zimatha kupanga ferrite ya alloy ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yachitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito ya 40Cr zitsulo pambuyo kuzimitsa ndi kutentha mankhwala ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa 45 zitsulo;
(3) Onjezani zinthu kuti muteteze mtundu wachiwiri wa brittleness: aloyi yozimitsidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula chomwe chili ndi Ni, Cr, ndi Mn, chomwe chimakonda mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kuzizira pang'onopang'ono. Kuwonjezera Mo ndi W ku chitsulo kungalepheretse mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima, ndipo zomwe zili zoyenera zimakhala pafupifupi 0.15% -0.30% Mo kapena 0.8% -1.2% W.
Kuyerekeza kwa zitsulo 45 ndi chitsulo 40Cr pambuyo pozimitsa ndi kutentha
Chitsulo kalasi ndi kutentha kutentha boma Gawo kukula/mm sb/MPa ss/MPa d5/% y/% ak/kJ/m2
45 zitsulo 850 ℃ kuzimitsa madzi, 550 ℃ kutentha f50 700 500 15 45 700
40Cr zitsulo 850 ℃ kuzimitsa mafuta, 570 ℃ kutentha f50 (pachimake) 850 670 16 58 1000
4. Chitsulo kalasi ndi kalasi
(1) 40Cr otsika kuuma ndi kuzimitsidwa zitsulo: The m'mimba mwake ovuta kuzimitsa mafuta a mtundu uwu wa zitsulo ndi 30mm kwa 40mm, amene ntchito kupanga mbali zofunika za kukula wamba.
(2) 35CrMo sing'anga hardenability aloyi kuzimitsidwa ndi mtima zitsulo: m'mimba mwake yovuta ya quenching mafuta a mtundu uwu wa zitsulo ndi 40mm kuti 60mm. Kuwonjezera kwa molybdenum sikungangowonjezera kuuma, komanso kuteteza mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima.
(3) 40CrNiMo mkulu hardenability aloyi kuzimitsidwa ndi kutentha zitsulo: m'mimba mwake yovuta ya mafuta quenching a mtundu uwu wa zitsulo ndi 60mm-100mm, ambiri amene chromium-nickel zitsulo. Kuwonjezera molybdenum yoyenera ku chitsulo cha chromium-nickel sikungokhala ndi kuuma kwabwino, komanso kumathetsa mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima.
5. Kutentha mankhwala ndi microstructure katundu
Chithandizo chomaliza cha aloyi chozimitsidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula ndikuzimitsa ndi kutentha kwapamwamba (kuzimitsa ndi kutentha). Chitsulo chozimitsidwa ndi chotenthedwa chimakhala cholimba kwambiri, ndipo mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Pamene kuumitsa kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri, kumatha ngakhale kuziziritsidwa ndi mpweya, zomwe zingachepetse kuwonongeka kwa chithandizo cha kutentha.
Zomaliza za alloy kuzimitsidwa ndi chitsulo chotenthedwa zimadalira kutentha kwa kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwa 500 ℃-650 ℃ kumagwiritsidwa ntchito. Posankha kutentha kwa kutentha, katundu wofunikira angapezeke. Pofuna kupewa mtundu wachiwiri wa kupsa mtima, kuzizira kofulumira (kuzizira kwamadzi kapena kuziziritsa mafuta) pambuyo pa kutentha kumapindulitsa pakusintha kwamphamvu.
The microstructure wa aloyi kuzimitsidwa ndi kutentha zitsulo pambuyo ochiritsira kutentha mankhwala ndi mtima sorbite. Pazigawo zomwe zimafuna malo osamva kuvala (monga magiya ndi zopota), kuzimitsa kutentha kwapamtunda ndi kutentha pang'ono kumachitika, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amapangidwa ndi martensite. Kuuma kwapansi kumatha kufika 55HRC ~ 58HRC.
Mphamvu zokolola za aloyi wozimitsidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula pambuyo pozimitsa ndi kutentha ndi pafupifupi 800MPa, ndipo mphamvu yake ndi 800kJ / m2, ndipo kuuma kwapakati kumatha kufika 22HRC ~ 25HRC. Ngati kukula kwapang'onopang'ono kuli kwakukulu komanso kosaumitsa, ntchitoyo imachepetsedwa kwambiri.